The Economist

Introduction The Economist is a weekly publication that has been in production since 1843. Though its editors refer to it as a newspaper, it is produced in a magazine format and type of paper. It is based in London and is owned by The Economist Group, which is owned by the Financial Times, a subsidiary of Pearson PLC.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Economist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It mainly gives information on issues relating to business sectors such as finance and economics, international business, politics, culture, science and technology among other fields. In recent years it has grown outside its traditional base in London where it is printed, so much that in 2009, it is said to have sold more than 1.6 million copies per issue all over the world. Most of these were sold in English speaking countries and even more predominantly Britain and North America. In its initial stages in the proces s of setting it up, back in the 1800s it was termed as a ‘chronicle of economics’ by outsiders, it defines itself in its core mission as a source of progress by fighting ignorance with intelligence. The Economist’s major strengths include Strong Brand The Economist is a strong brand name by itself and this is due to its rich and long history. It has maintained a steady growth over the years as other publications that could not withstand the numerous challenges collapsed along the way. It has not been challenged to execute major changes in their management structures by hard financial times ever since it was started in 1843. In fact, the only times it had to change its strategy was in periods such as the recession of 2008 when, unlike their competitors in the market, they were experiencing a substantial amount of growth. Their strong brand has also been associated with other successful magazines that are owned by the group behind The Economists. This is because as a flagship brand that has survived through time it has led to the establishment of a strong company that is a force to reckon with, in the similar publications industry. The strength of the publication as a brand is also complemented by the strength of the brands that make up its mother companies. With brands such as Pearson PLC and Financial Times, this publication enjoys some form of immunity. This can, however, be dangerous as some stronger brands have been crushed by the fall of their mother companies.Advertising Looking for coursework on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Experienced management The managers at The Economist have somehow always come up with a strategy that keeps them profitable even when other publications are suffering the brunt of financial meltdowns. They have always been able to identify the demands of their customers in time and satisfy those demands. They have also been able to i dentify new markets and fields of interests that have the potential to not only increase their market share, but also boost their customers’ loyalty. Such abilities can only be acquired through experience where managers have had a long time to examine consumer preferences and their changes. They can then deduce informed decisions such as the restructuring of their market structures. Their rich history also serves to build onto this experience as the managers can refer to more than a century of business practices that have served to keep the company afloat. This is because they have adopted internal training systems that ensure that the knowledge of those that leave the publication is transferred to those left. This continuity of knowledge has ensured that they always have a steady supply of credible managers who have the adequate know-how of running such a business as well as those who have already acquired a portfolio of experienced sources for their stories. The fact that t heir employees also own part of the business ensures that they maintain the highest levels of professionalism or else run into losses if the publication looses its market domination. Financial and Marketing excellence This has seen their capacity increase due to the availability of resources which is a result of increased profits. This has meant that they are able to adopt marketing campaigns without having to limit themselves to low budgetary allocations. They have had an increased magazine circulation as new markets grow as well as brand loyalty. This has seen them survive through recessions while still making profits while other publications were incurring loses.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Economist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Variety The publication offers information on a variety of topics which include business, politics, science, and arts. It also gives information on different countrie s strewn all over the world which makes it richer in content than its competitors. This has worked to diversify its customer base to not only those interested in business news, as is the case with their competitors, but other professionals as well as travelers in general. The best thing about the variety that they have adopted is that it doesn’t dilute the detailed analysis that they have as is the case in other publications that chose to go with this as a business strategy. They have ensured that they have invested in writers and auditors who have rich backgrounds in all these fields and who are highly recommended. They, however, do not always give the identity of their writers, but it still remains authoritative and rich in content. Market domination due to Market positioning It has been identified that The Economist enjoys a considerable advantage over its competitors as far as their share of the weekly publications market is concerned. This has seen them enjoy stable prof its as their market has not been affected by any of the natural or financial forces that have affected their rival publications. This has been promoted by their wide market penetration as the publication enjoys loyal customers from many countries in the world. These loyal customers are due to the general perception that The Economist signifies intelligence. It specifically dominates the major markets which are composed of the world’s economic hubs which ensure that they maximize on revenues where demand is highest. This has, however, been as a result of hard work over many years, which has led to more people associating themselves with it since they started reading it at a very young age and for long it has been considered a source of intelligence. Long-term strengths Strong Brand due to Market positioning This is a long-term strength since it takes some time before people can adjust to any other brand that may come up to compete with The Economist. It is often realized that the strength of a brand is directly related to the loyalty of its customers.Advertising Looking for coursework on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that the strong brand that is The Economist has been building up a portfolio of clients over time as its brand strengthens and these clients have slowly grown fond of the brand to a point where they always buy each copy released. These are the loyal customers are as a result of the fact that The Economist is associated with intelligence. This means that any of the rival publications will have to work hard to win over these customers so as to weaken the strength of the brand, which still would be impossible considering perceptions take long to break. This makes the strong brand long-term strength and The Economist is the brand to reckon with. Superior Content and Style with Emphasis on Commentary and Analysis The publication places more emphasis on giving the readers not only the news as it is reported, but an in-depth analysis of the news which serves to provide the reader with a deeper understanding. The managers have realized that it is not just enough for them to break news or give information on events, they also give background information that helps the reader come up with a better understanding of not only the situation as it is, but also the previous prevailing condition. This has been advantageous in attracting customers who seek to understand other countries in terms of economy, politics and culture. It is reported that their sales have in recent times increased especially in airports where most of their buyers seek to gain in-depth information about the country they are travelling to. This prevailed even during the recession, which goes ahead to prove just how good a tool, emphasis on analysis and commentary, can be in determining the success of a weekly publication. This may be the reason behind its increased sales during tough financial times since it does not only report of the financial crisis, but also on the causes and the possible remedies as provided by their huge team of experienced analysts. The Economists also goes ahead to giv e information on how different parts of the world are affected by the same phenomenon, as well as the different remedies they adopt. This serves to capture readers with a global approach to issues whom they target as they adapt to a new age of Mass Intelligence. Major marketing strategies that managers at The Economist they should consider to strengthen their position in the marketplace Market segmentation The Economist has currently been able to curve out part of the market for itself as far as weekly publications are concerned. It, however, needs to come up with better market segmentation structures for it to stay relevant as there are a lot of renewed interests in the same market, as other publications are now recovering from the effects of the financial recession of 2008. There are also some new entrants into the market with very aggressive market specific strategies. This may lead to The Economist loosing some of its undefined markets, as over the years it has taken a general a pproach to markets. It is worrying to see a publication that has so many loyal customers having very little representation in the young information hungry youth. This may result in the loss of their market domination in the near future if they do not go ahead to service the needs of this young market. Perhaps what will be challenging are the differences in preferences between their traditional customers and the more hip and technology savvy youth. The introduction of an online publication is a step in the right direction, but there is still more to be done (Wang, 2003). This young market has often proven to be tricky to dominate due to its specific needs and it would be of great importance if The Economist identified a young team that can serve this market since they are in a position to understand it better. This will of course be with the guidance of the old experienced staff so as to maintain the same consistency that has kept The Economist on top for many years. An example would be to launch an application that will allow people to access content on their phones without having to surf through the bulky websites that may be heavy for some of the phones used by the young. This is because this generation prefers gadgets rather than paper and it is evident that that the future of media is paperless. Product differentiation With the increasing competition, it has been noted that most of the traditional competitors as well as new market entrants are borrowing a lot from The Economist. This may in future dilute the uniqueness that the managers and the editors have for a long time struggled to create. It is, therefore, advised that the managers employ creative and innovative techniques such as patenting their unique adoptions to ensure that the publication maintains its uniqueness, since this is the reason for its survival where others struggle or even fail. This is meant to reduce competition and also to maintain their loyal customers as well as new customers who may lose touch with their products when given similar alternatives (Books Llc. 2010). They may choose to implement any of the following aspects of differentiating their products: different functional features or the design of The Economist; advertising to increase awareness; differences in availability in terms of the timing of their publication or the location of their markets and differences in quality by increasing the quality of their products. Strategy The Economist Should Adopt I would advise The Economist to adopt product differentiation as this allows them to incorporate any other strategic changes they may want. It is also important to realize that the risk of losing their market is evident and it is closer than any other risk they may be facing because their competitors seem to be gaining on them especially after the effects of the recession receded. The differentiation strategy will be accepted since it will ensure consistency in the performance of The Economist in the l ong run. The resources to implement this strategy are available especially considering the fact that they have been enjoying relatively stable profits for some time. Differentiation will allow them to target more customers especially the smart and curious ones who are mostly the young, who believe that the publication is a source of intelligence (Ranchhod, Gauzente and Tinson, 2004). This will also give them an edge over their competitors as they will be able to maintain their customers by gaining a pioneering status with no competition, which then strengthens the position of reader, hence proving to be effective. With the unique competitive advantage and the superior publication styles, content will be further fortified and utilized to strengthen the brand even further. This ensures sustainability as the strong brand has been identified as one of their long term strengths and also due to the fact that the younger customers will remain loyal for a long time. The emergence of Mass In telligence Effects on The Economist The emergence of mass intelligence was previously viewed as challenging by many weekly publications and most of them went ahead to ignore the phenomenon, and continued with providing headlines supported by shallow explanations. The marketers at The Economists, however, saw this as an opportunity to differentiate themselves from the rest of the industry players by providing their readers with more definitive explanations, as well as background information on their articles. This worked to their advantage as they boosted their sales. The main characteristic of their success is the widespread acceptance by readers who were obviously thirsty for a publication that placed more emphasis on giving the readers not only the news as it is reported, but an in-depth commentary and analysis of the news (Hill, Jones, 2009). This is because the readers that came with the emergence of mass intelligence required a source of deeper understanding on the issues that are happening in the world. This obviously meant that they had to hire a different group of writers, who were not only reporters of the news as it were, but also analysts and professionals in the same fields. They also realized that this group also, had no interest with being confined to only one topic and needed a variety of topics that they could relate together. This is the group that could combine business with travel and holidays, and so they diversified the contents of the publication to include other bodies of knowledge besides economics. Conclusion The Economist enjoys a relatively comfortable position in the publications market due to its varied strengths that its competitors lack. This, however, doesn’t mean that the managers and editors should rest easy, since their competitors seem to be gaining from on them. This means that they have to secure their markets by ensuring that they maintain their uniqueness, which has made them get to where they are now. This is to ensure the sustainability of the brand as well as its leadership in the market. Reference List Books Llc. 2010. News Magazines: The Economist, Life, Newsweek, Harper’s Magazine, Publishers Weekly, Insight on the News, the Pen. London: General Books LLC. Hill, C. and Jones, G. 2009. Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. Upper Saddle River: Cengage Learning. Ranchhod, A., Gauzente, C. and Tinson, J. 2004. Marketing strategies: a twenty-first century approach. New York: Prentice Hall. Wang, W. 2003. Steal this computer book 3: what they won’t tell you about the Internet. New York: No Starch Press. This coursework on The Economist was written and submitted by user Alia K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why Gsm Tech Is More Preferred Than Cdma Tech in Yemen Essays

Why Gsm Tech Is More Preferred Than Cdma Tech in Yemen Essays Why Gsm Tech Is More Preferred Than Cdma Tech in Yemen Essay Why Gsm Tech Is More Preferred Than Cdma Tech in Yemen Essay Research Proposal Why GSM Tech is more preferred than CDMA Tech in Yemen Prepared by: Khaled Al-Gahuri Prepared for: Dr. Murad Al-Nashmy Acknowledgement I am honored to prepare this research paper which titled â€Å"Why GSM Tech is more preferred than CDMA Tech in Yemen†. And I would like to pay my special thanks to Dr. Murad Abstract The cellular industry is in Yemen dominated by two technologies Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). This paper will provide an overview of the two different technologies and will focus on why people in Yemen preferred to use the GSM technology rather than CDM technology A even though CDMA technology introduced after GSM with a more privileges. 1 Table of Content ? ? Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 ? Chapter 1: Introduction ? ? ? ? ? Background †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Significance of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Scope of study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 ? Chapter 2: Literature Review ? ? ? ? ? Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Consumer Choice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Perceived Service Quality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Choice of Handset†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Hypothesis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 ? Chapter 3: Methodology ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Research Deign †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Population An d Sampling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Data Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Time Schedule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 2 Chapter 1 Background Introduction The mobile industry in Yemen is divided between the two technologies GSM and CDMA. While the earlier service providers had adopted the GSM technology, the new players have been using CDMA technology has notched up a significant share of the Yemen market. The number of subscriber’s mobile industry has increased significantly since 2001. The first company lunched in Yemen introduced the GSM technology which was the only choose for Yemenis people to grant, but in 2005 other company has been lunched by the government introduced the CDMA technology which provide a better services for the clients with privileges to overcome the GSM technology. After around five years a big number of people have subscribed with CDMA, but GSM was still demonstrated the market with a bigger number of subscribers until nowadays. It is necessary for us to understand the basic differentiation of the two technologies as they may have an impact on the subscribers. GSM stand for Global System for Mobile Communications, one of the leading digital cellular systems. It uses narrow band TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency. GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band. GSM was first introduced in 1991. As of the end of 1997, GSM service was available in more than 100 countries and has become the de facto standard in Europe and Asia. CDMA stand for Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike competing systems, such as GSM, that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications than other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built. 3 Problem Statement The tendency of choosing The GSM technology over the CDMA in Yemen is very obvious. Thus, there is a need to identify the factors that can influence the choice patterns of either GSM technology or CDMA technology as well as why consumers prefer to choose GSM rather than CDMA even though CDMA is has more privileges and uses advanced techniques. Objectives Our main objectives of this study are as following: To identify and analyze the factors that can influence the choice patterns of either GSM technology or CDMA technology. To investigate the relationship between those factors. To find out why GSM is more preferred than CDMA. Significance of the Study This research will help to recognize the factors that lead to the lack of use CDMA technology in Yemen as well as this study can contribute to the body of knowledge by examining the different variables and implement them. Scope of study The scope of this study is basically limited to the consumers o the mobile industry in Yemen. 4 Chapter 2 Introduction Literature Review This chapter will bring a clear idea about the factors that can influence consumer choice such as perceived services quality, choice of handset as well as international roaming and their relationship. In addition some previous researches will be included. Consumer Choice The GSM Association is an international organization founded in 1987, dedicated to providing, developing, and overseeing the worldwide wireless standard of GSM. CDMA was established earlier and thus has a bit more coverage than GSM. However GSM networks continue to make inroads in Yemen. There are camps on both sides that firmly believe either GSM or CDMA architecture is superior to the other, Richard (2009) stated that there is no clear winner in the CDMA and GSM it all depends on your needs. There are many factors that could influence on consumer choice patterns, different factors have different influence on consumer, and these factors should be taken into consideration in order to formulate consumer choice patterns. Mobile sector must focus on customer satisfaction as serious marketing strategies (Lim, and Widdows, 2006). Nadine (2001) examined that attitude of the respondents using cell phones was not influenced by either education or occupation and income. Haque (2007) suggested that coverage, service quality, data transfer speed, and choice of handset play a main role during the time to choose either GSM or CDMA technology. Chris (2006) noted that in recent years the telecommunications market has witnessed major developments, with rapid expansion in access to telecommunications networks and a surge in the number of available services and applications. While many factors have contributed to the transformation of the telecommunications industry, competition has played a key role in driving telecom industry to develop new techniques, to innovate and to offer new services. 5 With the advent of cellular phones doing double and triple duty as streaming video devices, podcast receivers and email devices, Simon (2007) Stated that speed in data transfer is important to those who use the phone for more than making calls. Other thing advertisement can take a place when choosing technology Kalpana (2006) found that advertisement play a dominant role in influencing the customers. Perceived Service Quality Perceived service quality defined as a global judgment or attitude relating to the superiority of the service and it’s the rank to which the technology provides key customer requirement and how reliable those requirement are delivered(NQRC,2001). Basically consumers are adapted to the services that either GSM or CDMA could provide Kumar (2005), in his study analyzed that, services plays a major role in the telecom industry are the most active and attractive. In addition the quality of service is a driving of choice Seth et al (2006), in his study analyzed that there is relative importance of service quality attributes and showed that responsiveness is the most importance dimension followed by reliability, customer perceived network quality, assurance, convenience. The development of a reliable and valid instrument for assessing customer perceived service quality for cellular mobile services. (Backlund and Holmqvist, 2006) pointed that customer choice is achieved through good qualitative and quantitative services. Customer choice normally can indicate to customer response to the state of satisfaction and customer opinion of satisfied condition (Oliver, 2003). Palkar (2004) proposed that perceived services is an important factor that has greater influence on costumer choice. (Serkan 2005) determined that the balance of power between service quality and customer satisfaction with an emphasis on these two constructs is the concept that is different from the view of customer. Zeithaml and Bitner, 2002, indicated that both service quality and customer satisfaction have some things in common. Furthermore, Fornell et. al. ,(1998) reported that satisfaction is a consequence of service quality. 6 Choice of handset Liu (2002) found that the choice of a cellular phone is characterized by two attitudes: attitude towards the mobile phone brand on one hand and attitude towards the network on the other. Samuvel (2002) observed that most of the respondents consider coverage area, quality of services are an important factors for selecting the either GSM or CDMA while majority of the respondents are considered that choice if handset is the most important factor. Kalus stated that If you travel a lot to foreign countries, then GSM phone is better for you. Also santos(2006) indicated that GSM phones work more widely across the world than do CDMA models. International Roaming This is when you connect to an overseas network and calls are routed via that network provider instead of your home provider. Johson(2002) defined roaming as extension of connectivity service in a location that is different from the home location where the service was registered. Roaming ensures that the wireless device is kept connected to the network, without losing the connection. Roaming allows mobile wireless customers to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services, including home data services when they are outside of the area covered by their providers network regardless of their location. Forneil(2004) stated that roaming plays a major role in the quality of GSM/CDMA technology, Susan J. Campbell (2007) stated that there are number of different technology trends, but most significant is the rise of mobile roaming. Hypotheses The Hypotheses are developed based on Literature Review mentioned earlier to describe the relationship among these variables that influence on consumer choice. H1: There is positive/significant relationship between perceived services quality and consumer choice. H2: There is positive/significant relationship between international roaming and consumer choice. H3: There is positive/significant relationship between the choice of handset and consumer choice. 7 Chapter 3 Methodology - Source of Data The study undertaken to be mainly based on the primary data and secondary data. The primary data is collected directly from the target respondents through tructured questionnaire and personal interview. The secondary data for the study is collected from different sources such as technical and trade journals, articles, newspapers, magazines, internet, books, reports. RESEARCH DESIGN First and the most important phase in determining method of this research is designing phase. This phase should be given serious attention to make sure that the research can be done without mistakes. Designing includes choosing the best method for collecting, measuring, analyzing data. Quantitative method such as survey method has been used for collection data. Research Framework Perceive service quality Choice of Handset Choice of Technology International Roaming 8 Population and Sampling Research The population of this study is all the consumers who has cellular phone which a huge amount of number, in this case we use Exploratory and Random sampling to analyze data. ? Data Collection The data is collected randomly irrespective of the category of the people in the form of questionnaire and the sample size is 100 respondents. Because it is a pilot study and due to time constraint the sample size is small. ? Data Analysis From the questionnaires we have distributed we got the following results: Q1) which technology do you use? Technology GSM CDMA No. of respondents 78 22 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 GSM CDMA 9 Interpretation: Above data analysis shows that majority of the consumers that is approximately 78% are covered by GSM technology. Based on this result we trying to know why GSM is more preferred. Q2) Overall, how would you rate you both technologies? GSM CDMA EXCELLENT GOOD 40 25 18 22 AVERAGE 13 20 FAIR 10 20 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 excellent Good Avg Fair GSM CDMA Interpretation: From the graphic it depict that GSM is the most excellent technology. 10 Q3) Rank the following factors which influenced you the most: Roaming QoS Choice of handset 92 8 DATA SPEED 32 68 Range of coverage 41 59 GSM CDMA 67 22 62 38 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 roaming Service handset coverage GSM CDMA Interpretation: Above data analysis shows that GSM is being preferred because of its services, the choice of handset and the strength of roaming. Where CDMA is preferred because of its good range of coverage. 11 Q4) Rank the following Service which attracted you the most for tour choice either GSM or CDMA Brand GSM CDMA SMS Pack 60 40 Call rate 45 65 Internet 70 30 Other 67 33 70 60 50 40 GSM 30 20 10 0 SMS call rate Internet other CDMA Interpretation: from chart above it shows that GSM is more preferred from because of its aspects of the services. Where CDMA is preferred because of its call rate. 12 Q5) How satisfied are you with your choice of GSM/CDMA technology? Brand GSM CDMA Very satisfied 35 20 satisfied 60 30 Neutral 0 15 issatisfied 0 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 very satisfied satisfied Neutral dissatisfied GSM CDMA Interpretation: Above data analysis shows that the satisfaction rate of technology is leaded by GSM as not a single user of service is neutral or dissatisfy. In other hand CDMA seems to be good satisfied with zero dissatisfies but there are around 15 respondents who are neutral. 13 Conclusion As per my analysis I noti ced that the main factors that makes GSM technology more preferred are the mobile choice of handset and the quality of service regardless the range of coverage and the price rate. Other thing I noticed that are the mobile choice of handset and the value of service has a strong relationship Conclusion of the topic is that maturity of customers is using GSM technology because of its good network roaming availability and quality of services and the wide choice of handset. Mostly customers have considered GSM is one of the best services provided in Yemen because other factors and efficient services. ? Time Schedule 15th February, 2012 Data Collection Problem Statement Objectives Literature Review Methodology Whole report 30th February , 2012 13th March, 20th March, 2012 2012 1 April, 2012 ? ? ? ? 14 ? References 1. Jallet, Frederic, intelecommunications†,( emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do; jsessionid=236E2B6B45CF101465D540FD4401AEB9? 2. Debnath, Roma Mitra, â€Å"Benchmarking telecommunication service in India†, 2008( emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do;jsessionid=236E2 B6B45CF101465D540FD4401AEB 3 Robins, Fread, â€Å"The marketing of 3G†, vol 21, no 6, 2008 emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do;jsessionid=236E2B6B45 CF101465D540FD4401AEB9? 4. Kalwani, Banumathy, â€Å"Consumer’s Attitude towards Cell phone Services†, 2006 . Fernandez, Fronnie, Understanding Dynamics in an Evolving 2007( emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do;jsessionid=208652 7F0757A565F9A6CBAC8800F658? 6. Seth et, Etal, â€Å"Managing the Customer Perceived Service Quality for Cellular MobileTelephone: an Empirical Investigation†, 2008( emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do;jsessionid=208652 7F0757A565F9A6CBAC8800F658? 7. Tecor, Jha, Understanding Mobile Phone Usage Pattern among CollegeGoers†,2008( emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do;jsessionid= 2086527F0757A565F9A6CBAC8800F658? 15

Amount of life insurance to purchase Research Paper

Amount of life insurance to purchase - Research Paper Example 4. Estimate future income needs. 5. Anticipate special needs. This review follows these steps to a life insurance value. I am a 30-year-old man with a wife, same age, and two children, ages 2 and 4. I enjoy a good job paying $50,000 per year, and my wife earns $30,000. Our net take home pay is about $40,000 after all deductions. If I should die early, I want my wife to be able to stay at home and parent the children full time. We have managed to save $25,000 cash in checking and savings accounts. We have a portfolio of mutual funds, $48,000, securities, $10,000, IRAs, $6,000, and a 401K with $6,000. Our total liquid assets are $95,000. Currently, I have three times earnings as a life insurance benefit at work and a $10,000 pension death benefit for a total in force life insurance of $160,000. Upon my death, my wife would have liquid assets of $255,000. My death would cost $7,500 in funeral expenses, $5,000 deductible for medical insurance, $22,000 to clear our installment debts and a bout $3,000 in probate costs. These costs total $37,500; so the liquid assets decrease to $217,500. Insurance must replace all of our income for my wife to stay home. An after death adjustment period of two years costs about 150% of normal earnings for a total of $120,000. The children will be dependent for another 20 years.

Week 4 Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 4 Discussion Questions - Essay Example , an investment banker would prove to be of great support as he/she will guide the organization through the process and will recommend whether going public is in interest of the organization or not. The investment banker will be involved in investigating the organization in order to know its strengths, risks involved and overall business procedures in order to assist for going public. This research will accommodate with enough knowledge about whether going public will be advantageous for the organization or not. Financial leverage is there when the organization obtains loans or borrowings on the basis of its assets and intends that a greater rate of return will be there as compared to the interest rate. As far as operating leverage is concerned, it is the consideration of the degree of the fixed and variable costs involved in a business. Operating leverage is the measure of the rate of fixed operating costs of the organization while financial leverage is the measure of the rate of loan that an organization takes against its rate of assets. The risks involved in having an excessive amount of financial leverage in an organization are that the profitability of the organization and the return on equity of the organization lessen. This situation arises when the organization’s return on assets (ROA) is unable to enhance as compared to the interest that is inserted on loan taken for the organization. EBIT-EPS analysis can be defined as a pragmatic instrument with the help of which, a financial manager is able to investigate various substituted financial plans in terms of their effect on EPS (Earnings per Share) over a range of EBIT (Earnings before Interests and Taxes) levels. EBIT-EPS analysis is simply an analysis to calculate earnings per share at various levels of sales of earnings before interest and taxes. Into the EBIT-EPS analysis, the risk is handled quite ignored. With this analysis, the basic motive is to enhance the earnings per share; due to this fact,

Diversified Workforce and Leadership Power Assignment

Diversified Workforce and Leadership Power - Assignment Example Employers are also creating an inclusive environment where diverse employees work together, and feel that they are valued by an organization Dunbar & Burgoon, 2005). Unlike the past, employers today have recognized the benefit of seeking a mixed workforce that portrays composition of the operating environment. Diversifying the workforce has a lot of benefits to employers, especially those who seek to compete effectively in the global market. Diversified workforce gives them the opportunity to increase their cultural understanding, and they are exposed to more opportunities in new markets thus placing them in a better position to exploit new opportunities. A diversified workforce in a marketplace will be highly engaged and productive. Employers have found that fostering diversity in their workforce clearly shows a need for everybody’s talent within the organization, and assists to make them feel highly valued. Employers are being trained on the value of fostering diversity in their workforce, especially as a means of promoting equality and inclusivity in their organizations (McGurre & Mammed, 2010). Power is seen as the capacity that one possesses to produce certain effects, more so, being able to influence the behaviour of others (Burgoon & Dunbar, 2005). Contextually, this definition has been extended to describe the power of leaders in their workplaces. Leaders have been characterized by their capacity to make various decisions in an organization, and their ability to influence their juniors or fellow employees’ actions and perceptions. Power is an important tool for leaders who know the relationship between the use of power, subordinates’ satisfaction, and organizational commitment. This power is based on a manager’s position in the organization and is validated by the members of the involved organization (Rahim, Kim & Kim, 2014). The structure of an organization stipulates the framework to enact legitimate power since it not only outlines the rights and responsibilities of the organization but also establishes the hierarchy in the organization.  Ã‚  

Anticoagulants as Prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs Analgesic

Anticoagulants as Prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs Analgesic INTRODUCTION The process of healing in a fractured bone depends on several factors related to the patient, fracture site, and treatment (Muller et al., 2004). In contrast to healing in other soft tissue, bone fracture healing is a very remarkable process, because rather than leading to scar tissue formation, normal bone healing leads to the regeneration of the anatomy of the bone and complete return to function (Sfeir et al., 2005). Administrations of different pharmacological agents have been known to have an effect on the fracture healing process. Such agents include corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), antibiotics and anticoagulants (lppokratis et al., 2007). Among these drugs, NSAIDS and anticoagulants are commonly used in the management of fracture cases. Not only are they prescribed in daily practise, they are frequently administered concomitantly (Ellen, 2003). NSAIDs are often used because of their analgesic effects. They carry out their pharmacologic effect by inhibition of cyclooxygenase. Diclofenac sodium, a commonly used NSAID derived from phenylacetic acid, is indicated for the management of acute and chronic conditions. Anticoagulants on the other hand are commonly used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Major orthopedic trauma is a compelling risk factor for the development of DVT. This condition has been observed to occur in 50-70% of patients submitted to acute fixation of proximal femoral fracture, multiple fracture patients, and those presenting with spinal cord trauma when no prophylactic measure is performed. The most commonly used anticoagulants are low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and warfarin (Guyton and Hall, 2006). One study has reported no difference in quantitative amount of direct or radiographically measured callus formed during NSAIDs use. (Herbenick et al., 2008). In another study, Muller et al., 2004 reported that diclofenac sodium when given orally affected the mechanical properties of bone, reduced body weight gain and reduced the coefficient of non-fractured bone. A significant delay in fracture healing following administration of enoxaparin was reported by Street et al. (2000). Their study found fewer proliferating cells and fewer transforming pericytes in the medullary cavity at day 7 and 14 and weaker mechanical properties at day 21 compared to the control animals. Hak et al., (2006), however reported no deleterious effect of LMWH on fracture healing mechanical properties. Regardless of the frequent use of anticoagulants as prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs as analgesic in the management of trauma cases, few studies have shown their combined effect during fracture healing. The present study was thus designed to evaluate the effect of combine use of these drugs on the histology and histomorphometry of bone tissues in experimental rat model of bone fractures. Materials and Method Animal management: Thirty six male Wistar rats weighing between 150g to 200g were used. Animals were housed in clean plastic cages and provided with food and water ad libitum throughout the experimental period. All animals were handled in accordance with the guidelines for animal research as detailed in the NIH Guidelines for the care and use of laboratory Animals (NIH Publication, 2011) and experimental protocol were approved by local institutional research and ethics committee. Fracture Procedures: Animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (A, B and C) of 12 animals. All animas were submitted to diaphyseal fracture of right tibia after being anesthetized with chloroform via inhalation under aseptic conditions. Animals were then allowed to move freely without any immobilization (Muller et al 2004). Drug administration: Following fracture, animals in group B were administered with diclofenac and heparin, while group C were administered with diclofenac and warfarin. Group A animals served as control. Diclofenac was administered intramuscularly on alternate thigh muscle at 5mg/kg/day. Heparin was administered subcutaneously at 0.5mg/kg/day and warfarin was administered orally at 0.005mg/kg/day. Drug administration commenced12 hours following fracture was continued for daily for a period of 21 days. Four animals were selected from each group for radiographic, histologic and histomorphometric analysis at day 7, 14 and 21 days interval following treatment. Radiologic evaluation: Standardized radiographs (Faxitron, Wheeling, IL USA) were performed at the time of sacrifice, using constant settings with the animal anesthetized and positioned prone with both hind limbs fully abducted. Fracture union was evaluated by two, blinded, independent observers. Fracture union was defined as the presence of bridging callus along opposite cortices. (Hak et al., 2006) Histological and Histomorphometric analysis: Following radiographic evaluation, animals were sacrificed, and right tibia dissected out. Tibia bones were immediately fixed in 10% formal saline for at least 24 hours. Fixed tibia tissues were then subjected to decalcification using 10% EDTA (pH 7.4) for 7 days. Following decalcification, tibia tissues were processed for routine paraffin wax embedding. Sections of 5 um thick were cut and stained using routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (HE) procedure for general tissue histology and Van Geison staining procedure for collagen fibres. Stained sections were observed under Leica DM750 digital research microscope. Photomicrographs were taken via attached ICC50 digital camera from 3 non-overlapping areas of stained sections. These were then imported onto Image J software (NIH sponsored public domain image analysis software) for histomorphometric analysis which included osteocytes cell count and cortical width measurement. Statistical analysis: Data obtained from histomorphometric count and measurement were analysed using One-way ANOVA followed by Students-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests for multiple comparison. GraphPadPrsim 5 (GraphPad Inc., USA) software was package use for statistical analysis. Significant difference was set at p Results Radiographic analysis: X-Ray photos of rat tibia after 7days of treatment showed fracture lines that were clearly visible with no sign of callus formation. After 14 days however minimal deposition of callus formation in all groups was observed. Bridging callus was more in control and group B rats as compared with group C and group D. After 21 days of Treatment more deposits of callus with fracture line no longer visible was observed in control and group B as compared with group C and D (Figure 1). Histological analysis: HE staining showed intact osteocytes within lacunae, empty lacunae, and resorption cavities in all groups (Figure 2).Van Gieson staining technique differentiates between mature and immature collagen fibres (callus). Mature collagen fibres stains deep red while immature fibres stains pale orange. The colour intensity of the deep red was observed in the control group through the 21 days of treatment. However groups B and C had more immature collagen fibres all through the 21 days of treatment when compared to the control (Figure 3). Histomorphometric measurements: Data analysis shows that administration of diclofenac plus heparin and diclofenac plus warfarin in groups B and C respectively, significantly increased (p Discussion In the current study, we found that administration of heparin and diclofenac as well as warfarin and diclofenac resulted in increased number of osteocytes count at week 1, 2 and 3when compared with the control. Though at day 14 the osteocyte count of diclofenac heparin animals was significantly higher than diclofenac warfarin group. Increased osteocytes number is associated with increase in activity of osteoclast, subsequently increasing bone resorption (Lynda 2011). The use of anticoagulant is associated with surgical site heamatoma formation. The early use of LMWH in patients with fractures may lead to larger fracture site hematoma. It is generally accepted that fracture site hematoma could be beneficial in fracture healing. Studies by Grundnes and Reikera in 1993 have shown that evacuation of this hematoma could be deleterious on fracture healing. However Street et al 2000 showed that though hematoma could be beneficial, high concentration of potassium in fracture site hematoma is cytotoxic to endothelial cells and osteoblasts. Therefore increased fracture site heamatoma volume may have deleterious effect on fracture healing. Hak et al 2006 reported the presence of heamatoma formation in short term administered LMWH in animals. In this study, we observed no hematoma formation at fracture site in diclofenac heparin administered animals. However, the presence of hematoma was observed in animals receiving diclofenac and warfarin which persisted f or the period of 3 weeks. Studies by Avioli et al 1975 and Matzsch et al 1990 identified long term use of heparin to be a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis in humans. Their finding was supported by Chowdhury et al., 1992, they concluded that low doses of standard heparin directly stimulates bone resorption by increasing the number of differentiated osteoclasts and by enhancing the activity of individual osteoclast. One study by Nishiyama et al., (1997) comparing the effects of heparin and LMWH (dalteparin) after 8 days of injection, observed that rats treated with standard heparin showed a significant reduction in osteoid surface and mineral apposition rates and seven of eight rats suffered spontaneous femoral fracture. When compared with the rats treated with LMWH, they observed minimal decrease in bone indices and no fractures. These finding is supported by this study were we observe decrease cortical thickness in animals treated with diclofenac and anticoagulants when compared with the contro l. However this decrease was more marked in diclofenac warfarin group than in diclofenac heparin group. Decrease in cortical width has been said to lead to cortical porosity resulting in increased fragility of bone. (Bouvaed et al., 2012; Evangelos and Meletios 2014). In this study radiographic evidence showed reduced callus formation in anticoagulants and diclofenac treated animals at the end of the 3rd week. However no reduction in callus formation was obsereved in control group. This is consistent with studies done by Hak et al., 2006. Conclusion In conclusion the combined use of diclofenac and anticoagulants could affect the quality of fracture healing, hence the study recommends that concomitant use of diclofenac and anticoagulants should be applied with caution.

Free Hamlet Essays: Interpretation of Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Keys to Interpretation of Hamlet William Shakespeare's Hamlet is, at heart, a play about suicide. Though it is surrounded by a fairly standard revenge plot, the play's core is an intense psychodrama about a prince gone mad from the pressures of his station and his unrequited love for Ophelia. He longs for the ultimate release of killing himself - but why? In this respect, Hamlet is equivocal - he gives several different motives depending on the situation. But we learn to trust his soliloquies - his thoughts - more than his actions. In Hamlet's own speeches lie the indications for the methods we should use for its interpretation. Hamlet's reason for suicide is the death of his father, the late King Hamlet - or at least this is what he tells the world. He claims his father's death as the reason in his first soliloquy (1.2.133-164), but we are led towards other reasons by the evidence he gives. In the famous "to be or not to be" soliloquy, he says: "For who would bear... the pangs of despised love... when he himself might his quietus make/with a bare bodkin?" (3.1.78-84). The word "despised" is glossed as "unrequited" - and thus we are led to speculation that Ophelia, not the late King, is the true cause of his suicidal urges. The claim that he is mourning his father seems to me to be at best an excuse - in the public eye as he is, Hamlet cannot sink so low as to be moved to kill himself by a woman. This is an example of a phenomenon that we note throughout Hamlet - the separation of what is stated on the surface from the implications a few layers beneath. The play works on two levels - the revenge drama works as a backdrop for Hamlet's internal psychodrama. It is clear that Shakespeare intends for Hamlet's thoughts to be superior to his outward actions in interpretation of the play. After listing all the outward signs of his depression, he tells his mother that he would prefer to be considered on the basis of his thoughts: "These indeed 'seem'/For they are actions that a man might play;/But I have that within which passes show/These but the trappings and the suits of woe" (1.2.86-89). Yet Hamlet, for all the disdain for played action that he shows here, also appreciates its power, in his remarks on the player's soliloquy on Hecuba (2.

Choosing Among Two Aspirant in an Office Essay

During the work hunting days of the newly graduates and other professionals, there are lots of pressure and competition among the applicants in different offices or jobs that they are applying for. Let us take a closer look between these two candidates in an office, Obama and Hiliary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assuming that they are competing for a job in an office of personnel and communication of a corporation, Obama and Hiliary should meet the qualifications identified by the office as requisites before they could be accepted as staff. The office of personnel and communication is also commonly known as human resource department of a company. However, it scopes further networking and creation of press releases and other researches. It is very necessary for a person who is working in that particular department of the corporation to be socialized with different people, first and foremost, her co-workers. It is because in this job, staff will be meeting people from different walks of life. They are to deal and communicate with different networks. And since there could be loads of works in daily basis, one should be efficient enough to finish a one day job of paper works. Obama, is a graduate of a business related course three years ago in a one of the top universities in California. She graduated with honors and a very good scholastic background and affiliations. She has already three years experience from previous work in a non-government organization as training officer. She is very young at an age 23 going to 24. Hiliary, on the other hand, is of the same age of Obama. However, Hiliary graduated without any special commends but also from one of the top universities Los Angeles. She studied there also a business related course and took several extra short courses in psychology. After her graduation she works in a private company as personnel staff, and eventually, after consistent eight months of excellent work, she seats as the assistant head of human resource department of her previous company. And now, these two young ladies are candidates in an office as head of the personnel and communication of the corporation. There have been qualifications that are being specified a while ago. To choose among these two candidates, their educational background, credentials, and their personality could be tested and compared so as to choose the right person to fit the job. Obama, has a better scholastic standing and background as it shows by her honors and awards during her college education, than Hiliary, who graduated with her diploma only, taken into considerations that they both come from top universities in the world. However, Hiliary, as checked in her working experience and from the company where worked, it was found out that she had a very good social skills and was able to deal with top position people in the corporate world down to the most ordinary worker. She was promoted at the very early eight months of her work period as the assistant head of the human resource department. But Obama, was also found a very persevere and dedicated employee. In terms of their personality, both of the two could socialize and work well with different kind s of people. Since they are candidate in work of a head of the personnel and communication of a corporation, the one who deserves the position, must be acquainted enough and familiar enough with the nature of work. In case of Obama, she worked as training officer in her previous company. Meaning, that she could communicate and lead and guide other people in the company and outside the company. Both of the two have already endured the pressure of professional works. However, Hiliary has already her experience of working as assistant head of human resource department, which is very similar to the work that she is applying now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In selecting for the right position holder in the corporation, these comparisons and contrast could be one of the bases that could be used. Works Cited â€Å"Ethical Office Politics.† Lifehack.org. (No Date). November 19, 2007

Assessing Leadership Skills Essay Essays

Assessing Leadership Skills Essay Essays Assessing Leadership Skills Essay Essay Assessing Leadership Skills Essay Essay This paper will supply information about the theoretical attacks that I will utilize to heighten my leading effectivity. it will discourse my leading manner and the ground I choose the manner. This paper will besides explicate the leading accomplishments and qualities I already possess. with the accomplishments and qualities that need betterment. along with how to implement the leadership/follower interaction to better the organisation where I would wish to work. and eventually depict one point of action that I’ve learned from my Self Insight documents. that will include a description of how each point will be implemented. Let’s Begin by specifying leading ; leading is the influence relationship among leaders and followings who intend existent alterations and results that reflect their shared intents. ( Draft. 2011. p. 5 ) Leadership is a people activity and is different from administrative paper work or planning activities. Leadership happens wi th people. it is non something done to people. ( Draft. 2011. p. 6 ) The theoretical attacks that I will utilize to heighten my leading effectivity will be to integrate the democratic leading manner ; along with the Fiedler’s Contingency Model. The democratic manner of leading delegate’s authorization to others encourages engagement. relies on subordinates’ cognition for completion of undertakings and depends on subsidiaries respect for others. ( Draft. 2011. p. 44 ) Democratic leading manner is similar to Theory Y Democratic leaders treat subsidiaries as to the full capable of making the work on their ain. Democratic leaders work with subsidiaries they encourage. they treat each one reasonably. They don’t set anyone down. they see themselves as ushers. They give suggestions. instead than seeking to alter them. Democratic leaders provide information. in their rating they give nonsubjective congratulations and unfavorable judgment. ( Northouse. 2009 ) Although a Democratic leader will do the concluding determination. he/she encourage other members of the squad to hold a say in the determination devising procedure. This non merely hike occupation satisfaction by linking employees or squad members in what’s traveling on. but it besides help to develop people’s accomplishments. Employees and squad members feel in control of their ain fate. such as the publicity they deserve and so are motivated to work hard by more than merely a fiscal wages. As engagement takes clip. this attack can take to things go oning more easy but frequently the terminal consequence is better. The attack can be most suited where squad work is indispensable and quality is more of import than velocity to market productiveness. ( Bhatti. N. et. Al. 2012 ) The results of democratic leaders are largely positive. first it consequences in greater group member satisfaction. committedness. and coherence. Second. there is more friendliness. common prattles. and group mindedness. The teams members interact with each other in a positive mode. and the end is has the group in head with doing we statements opposed to I stat ements. Last. democratic leaders result in stronger worker motive and greater creativeness. and under a democratic leader group members participate more and are more committed to group determinations Fiedler’s Contingency Model ; this theoretical account was designed to enable leaders to name both leading manner and organisational state of affairs. ( Draft. 2011. p. 68 ) This theoretical account was besides designed to name whether or non the leader is task oriented or relationship oriented and fit the leader manner to the state of affairs. The Tasks oriented people are end oriented. They want to accomplish. Their work in meaningful. they are actors. Then we have Relationship oriented people they find intending in being instead than making. Like the democratic manner. relationship oriented people they want to be connected to people. There is besides Task leading and Relationship leading. Task relationship behaviours facilitate ends achievements ; they are behaviours that aid group mem bers to accomplish their aims. while relationship leading behaviour aid subordinates experience comfy with themselves. with each other. and with the state of affairs which they find themselves. The ground why I choose these theoretical accounts is because they best fit my leading manner. and I think it’s a productive manner of leading. In using this accomplishment I‘m ale to listen to other position. and welcome an mixture of declarations. My best leading qualities are in the class of a transformational leader. Transformational leaders are a leader that influences. inspire. move and literally transform followings to accomplish organisational ends beyond their opportunisms therefore originating about positive alteration. They besides introduce new concern theoretical accounts. merchandises and services because of their ability to make new organisational visions. schemes. civilizations. and structures through committed followings. Transformational leaders positively change follower’s lives. raising liquors and even the committedness to moralss and morality ( Weiss. J. ( 2011 ) My penchant would be a transformational leader because they deal more with the individual instead than the undertaking. They build relationships with their squad members. they encourage and motivate. and I think that their followings will acquire more work done because of the resonance that is made with the squad. Another quality that I posses is â€Å"Stewardship† stewardship involves the support and belief that leaders are profoundly accountable to others every bit good as to the organisation. without seeking to command others. specify significance and intent for others. or take attention of others. I’m in favour of this type of leading because it allows the people to make the work without being micro managed. There are four constituents to this manner of leading. reorient towards partnership premises. place determinations and power to those closest to the work and the client. acknowledge and honor the value of labour. and anticipate nucleus work squads to construct t he organisation. ( Draft. 2011. p. 176 ) By utilizing these methods the leader is to take the organisation taking control of the follower. They are able to work together in harmoniousness with squad members. By utilizing the stewardship method you are able to handle team members as spouses. by sharing power. and keeping control over their ain work. This theoretical account besides allows relationships to organize between leaders and followings that will lend to the organisations success. Independent believing refers to believing. oppugning premises. and construing informations and events. harmonizing to one’s ain beliefs. thoughts. non harmonizing to prestablished regulations. modus operandis or classs defined by others. ( Draft. 2011. p. 138 ) I’ve ever been an independent mind. I’m non the type of individual that agrees with people for credence. or merely to travel along with the most popular reply. I’m really opinionated. and I’m able to acquire my positions across without being rude or mean. In my current place. I have to ever be watchful. and able to believe critically because systems are ever altering Although I fell that I’m a good overall leader my weakest accomplishments falls under disposal accomplishments. disposal accomplishments. Administrative accomplishments are those competences a leader needs to run an organisation in order to transport out the organisations purpose and ends. Administrative accomplishments are divided into three classs: managing people. pull offing resources. and demoing proficient competency. ( Northouse. 2009 ) I work good with people but covering with administrative undertaking has ever been an issue for me. I’m non the best typist. nor am I good organized. Since going a pupil at AU I’ve go more organized. Another quality in demand of betterment trades with system believing. System believing means the ability to see the synergism of the whole instead than merely the separate elements of a system and larn to reenforce or alter whole system forms. ( Draft. 2011. p. 142 ) The leadership/follower interaction that I would implement to better the organisation where I would wish to work is leader follower coaction. In the leader follower coaction leaders and followings have more in common than they think. In my ideal work topographic point I would utilize this theoretical account as the design for my company. Get downing phases of a undertaking or assignment. The leader and follower functions differ significantly in the initial phases of a undertaking. The leader should supply way in the signifier of range. nonsubjective. outlooks. restrictions and guidelines while the follower should inquire inquiries to guarantee understanding and should lend to the undertaking or assignment definition as appropriate. Middle phases of a undertaking or assignment. The leader and follower functions exhibit greater similarities during the in-between phases of a undertaking. This is where the majority of work occurs. Leadership should switch. based upon who possesses the appropriate cognition or expertness. With self-importances in cheque. leaders should allow. and even promote. followings to originate thoughts and sentiments. With cowardliness in cheque. followings should exercise leading by offering thoughts and sentiments. If leader and follower can carry through these new functions. a high grade of coaction will happen and project success will increase. Concluding phases of a undertaking or assignment In this phase. leader and follower functions once more differ. It is up to the leader to specify the terminal of one undertaking and the beginning of the following. For optimum acquisition. leader and follower might collaboratively prosecute in a â€Å"lessons learned† duologue. ( Don Grayson A ; Ryan Speckhart ) What I’ve learned from my Self Insight Papers is that I might be a spot timid in my leading ability. I thought that I was a good leader but it seems as though that I still have some work to make. Prior to taking this class I thought that I was a really good leader. but it seems as though I have a batch to work to make to better my leading accomplishments. In making an appraisal of my strengths and failings. I realized that in order to go a more effectual leader I will hold to go much more confident in certain countries. The countries that betterment is needed is in my motive techniques. I thought that I encouraged my squad in a positive mode. but what I realized is that I’m making the majority of the work while promoting. what sense does that do? I have to put lineations and let my squad members to do errors. and learn from them. Because we get paid by public presentation is likely why I do that. As a leader. you can develop anchor to accept personal duty for accomplishing the desired results. traveling against the position quo. and standing up for what you believe. You can larn to force beyond your comfort zone and interruption through the frights that bound you. ( Draft. 2011. p. 182 ) That statement amounts it up for me. If a leader can populate by that statement everyone will profit in the terminal. In decision this paper has defined leading. identified the accomplishments and qualities I possess. in add-on to the qualities that need betterment. every bit good as how to implement the leadership/follower interaction to better the organisation where I would wish to work. and eventually depict one point of action that I’ve learned from my Self Insight documents. that will include a description of how each point will be implemented. MentionsBhatti. N. . Maitlo. G. M. . Shaikh. N. . Hashmi. M. A. . A ; Shaikh. F. M. ( 2012 ) . The impact of bossy and democratic leading manner on occupation satisfaction. International Business Research. 5 ( 2 ) . 192-201. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search. proquest. com/docview/963357720? accountid=32521 Daft. R. L. ( 2011. 2008 ) . The leading experience ( 5/e ) . Mason. Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Northouse. P. G. ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage Publications Weiss. J. ( 2011 ) An Introduction to Leadership. Bridgepoint Education. Inc. World Wide Web. trustee. edu/acad/global/publications/†¦/grayson_speckhar

French Revolution of 1789 - Timeline

French Revolution of 1789 - Timeline Our narrative history for this period begins here. 1789 January January 24: The Estates General is officially summoned; election details go out. Crucially, no one is really sure how it should be formed, leading to an argument over voting powers. January - May: The Third Estate politicises as cahiers are drawn up, political clubs form and discussion takes place both verbally and through pamphleteering. The middle class believe they have a voice and intend to use it. February February: Sieyes publishes What is the Third Estate? February - June: Elections to the Estates General. May May 5: The Estates General opens. There is still no decision on voting rights, and the third estate believe they should have more of a say. May 6: The Third Estate refuses to meet or verify their election as a separate chamber. June June 10: The Third Estate, now frequently called the Commons, gives an ultimatum to the other estates: join in a common verification or the Commons would go on alone. June 13: A few members of the First Estate (priests and clergy) join the Third. June 17: The National Assembly is proclaimed by the former Third Estate. June 20: The Tennis Court Oath taken; with the National Assemblys meeting place closed in preparation for a Royal Session, the deputies meet at a tennis court and swear not to disband until a constitution is established. June 23: The Royal Session opens; the King initially tells the estates to meet separately and introduces reforms; the deputies of the National Assembly ignore him. June 25: Members of the Second Estate begin to join the National Assembly. June 27: The king gives in and orders the three estates to unite as one; troops are called to the Paris area. Suddenly, there has been a constitutional revolution in France. Things would not stop here. July July 11: Necker is dismissed. July 12: Revolt begins in Paris, caused in part by Neckers dismissal and the fear of royal troops. July 14: The storming of the Bastille. Now the people of Paris, or the mob if you prefer, will start to direct the revolution and violence will result. July 15: Unable to rely on his army, the King gives in and orders troops to leave the Paris area. Louis does not want a civil war, when that might be all that would save his old powers. July 16: Necker is recalled. July - August: The Great Fear; mass panic across France as people fear a noble led backlash against their anti-feudal demonstrations. August August 4: Feudalism and privileges are abolished by the National Assembly in perhaps the most remarkable evening in Europes modern history. August 26: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen published. September September 11: The King is granted a suspensive veto. October October 5-6: Journee of 5-6 October: the King and the National Assembly move to Paris at the behest of a Parisian mob. November November 2: Church property is nationalised. December December 12: Assignats are created. 1790 February February 13: Monastic vows banned. February 26: France divided into 83 departments. April April 17: Assignats accepted as currency. May May 21: Paris is divided into sections. June June 19: Nobility is abolished. July July 12: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a complete restructuring of the church in France. July 14: Feast of the Federation, a celebration to mark one year since the fall of the Bastille. August August 16: Parlements are abolished and the judiciary reorganised. September September 4: Necker resigns. November November 27: The Oath of the Clergy passed; all ecclesiastical office holders must swear an oath to the constitution. 1791 January January 4: Last date for clergy to have sworn the oath; over half refuse. April April 2: Mirabeau dies. April 13: The Pope condemns the Civil Constitution. April 18: The King is prevented from leaving Paris to spend Easter at Saint-Cloud. May May: Avignon is occupied by French forces. May 16: Self-Denying Decree: National Assembly deputies cannot be elected to the Legislative Assembly. June June 14: Le Chapelier Law stopping workers associations and strikes. June 20: Flight to Varennes; the King and Queen attempt to flee France but only get as far as Varennes. June 24: Cordelier organises a petition stating that liberty and royalty cannot co-exist. July 16: The Constituent Assembly declares that the king was the victim of an abduction plot. July 17: Massacre at the Champs de Mars, when National Guard open fire on republican demonstrators. August August 14: Slave rebellion begins in Saint-Domingue. August 27: Declaration of Pillnitz: Austria and Prussia threaten to take action in support of the French king. September September 13: The King accepts the new constitution. September 14: King swears the oath of allegiance to the new constitution. September 30: The National Assembly is dissolved. October October 1: The Legislative Assembly convenes. October 20: Brissots first calls for war against the à ©migrà ©s. November November 9: Decree against the à ©migrà ©s; if they do not return they will be considered traitors. November 12: The King vetoes the à ©migrà ©s decree. November 29: Decree against refractory priests; they will be considered suspects unless they take a civic oath. December December 14: Louis XVI requests the Elector of Trier disperse à ©migrà ©s or face military action. December 19: The King vetoes the decree against refractory priests. Back to Index Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

What is 'new' about the 'New Woman' Discuss the challenges posed by Essay

What is 'new' about the 'New Woman' Discuss the challenges posed by the emergenceof this figure in late Victorian literature - Essay Example of new genres of women’s fiction – women’s ‘sensation’ novel of the 1860s and the ‘new woman’ novel of the 1890s – as well as the emergence of a ‘new’ kind of woman in literature and society, challenging the Victorian social ideals and perceptions of femininity. [Pykett, 1992] While the sensation heroines, as Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Isabel Sleaford in ‘The Doctor’s Wife’ and Aurora in ‘Aurora Floyd’ present shades of a new kind of woman – â€Å"a woman who cannot easily be accommodated either to the category of normal, proper femininity, nor to that of deviant, improper femininity,† [Pykett, 1992; p. 19] the ‘new woman’ heroines of the 1880s and 1890s, as Lyndall in Olive Schreiner’s autobiographical novel ‘The Story of an African Farm’, presents more powerful, fiercely independent and more â€Å"seriously feminist† representation of women. Though Lyndall is more often referred to as the â€Å"best example† of the â€Å"new woman’ in English novel, [Monsman, 1985; p. 262] Braddon’s Isabel and Aurora Floyd are more subtler representations of an evolving, new femininity, at odds with the Victorian perceptions of femininity. It may be fascinat ing to analyse the development of this new femininity and representations of ‘new woman’ in literature, as women writers of the late -Victorian era defined and redefined femininity. As one attempts to understand the ‘new’-ness of the ‘new woman’ and the challenges posed by these representations in literature, it may be worthwhile to examine how the ‘new woman’ is described, as well as analyse the construct of this figure in literature in relation to the perceptions of femininity in their days. Smith Rosenberg explains that the New Woman was primarily a representation-- ‘a condensed symbol of disorder and rebellion,’ [In Pykett, 1992; p.137-38] actively produced and reproduced in the print media and in novels. From a more realistic perception the New Woman is

Explore how sexuality has changed over the past 100 years Essay

Explore how sexuality has changed over the past 100 years - Essay Example Explore how sexuality has changed over the past 100 years Sexuality and the ways in which sex creates both pleasure and results in procreation has been revolutionized in the last one hundred years. In the early 20th century the concept of reproduction was being examined through the ideas of eugenics. This area of research was somewhat based on the developments by Charles Darwin about the idea of selection as a method for putting the best traits together in order to support increases in the ‘quality’ of human beings being born. The problem that emerged with the concept of eugenics is that anyone that was considered undesirable was also then deemed unfit to procreate. This included the different races, prostitutes, those with developmental difficulties, and even the Romani who were considered to be innately born as thieves and miscreants (Sinclair, 2007). Along with the concept of eugenics began a movement within the women’s rights movements that were emerging at the time which suggested that women should have the right to choose desirably traited men in order to procreate with them. The emergence of a call for equality began to suggest that the power to create life should accompany the ability to make choices concerning desirable mates. Where patriarchal frameworks of gender control had held onto the power to determine procreation up to this time, the beginning and progression of the women’s movement changed not only gender relations but began to change the nature of sexuality and procreation dynamics. In the 1960s as the women’s movement raged forward, creating a deep shift in the gender dynamics and prescribed roles, William Masters and Virginia Johnson were doing some of the most daring and controversial research on the subject of sexuality. Through direct observation of sexual partners they began to study how the physicality of sexual experience occurred. During these 10,000 observations of sexual experiences through volunteers from the academic community, they watched for the sign s of arousal and continued to record observations about how bodies functioned during sexual arousal and release through a variety of different sexual situations. This significantly impacted the way in which sexuality was viewed through the development of anecdotal research as well as measurements from different devices (Crooks & Baur, 2011). 2. Explore how technology has and is changing the world of conception, pregnancy, and parenthood. The science of having babies has dramatically changed the concept of procreation as human beings have been able to take some control over conception. Although there is still a great deal of mystery involved in how and when conception occurs, science has been able to replicate much of what it takes to get pregnant so that women who would have remained barren have the opportunity to have children. In addition, the ability to use surrogates and to influence the hormonal production has provided for further opportunities for women to have children, even when they might not be the one to carry the child. Science has also changed the control that a woman has over when she gets pregnant. Through understanding how children are conceived, science has been able to influence the female body so that some control over child-bearing can be achieved. Contraception has a number of different methods through which women can protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy